Social media emerges as Ruto's most potent opposition

In the digital era, political opposition in Kenya is no longer confined to rival parties or parliamentary debates.

President William Ruto is facing a new and formidable challenger – social media. Driven largely by young Kenyans, Millennials and Generation Zs, this online movement is reshaping political engagement and giving a voice to a generation dissatisfied with the government’s performance.

Gen Z, those born between 1997 and 2012, have moved beyond consuming content to actively shaping national conversations. With creativity and boldness, they use social media to raise awareness and organise protests.

They have taken to platforms like TikTok and X to express discontent over issues such as unemployment, the high cost of living, and what they view as failed leadership.

The digital backlash has been swift and effective. Viral hashtags like #RejectFinanceBill2024, #RutoMustGo, #TotalShutdownKE, and #OccupyParliament have dominated online discourse and translated into real-life protests. Social media has become a space for political mobilisation, civic education, and public dissent fueled by satire, memes, and short-form videos.

TikTok, in particular, has emerged as a powerful platform. Gen Z users create short, punchy videos to mock political figures, explain policy implications, and document daily struggles. The platform’s algorithm boosts creative and relatable content, making it difficult for the government to control the narrative.

What sets this movement apart is its tone. Protesters use humour, parody, music, and even AI-generated content to challenge authority in creative ways. While rooted in frustration, the movement also highlights innovation and resilience.

Importantly, young Kenyans are not just complaining, they are crafting solutions. From ="https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001520556/lsk-intervenes-after-arrest-of-rose-njeri-denied-bail">developing apps Kenya appears to be on the cusp of a digital political revolution. For President Ruto, this presents a defining challenge. He can choose to engage in genuine dialogue with the youth or attempt to clamp down on digital dissent.

Struggling to catch up, the government has seemed inclined to strengthen regulation of social media, with functionaries quick to call for stricter rules.

Aldai Member of Parliament Marianne Kitany has proposed amendments to the Kenya Information and Communication Act, which critics warn will breach privacy rights.

The amendment proposes a metered internet billing system, assigning a trackable unique metre number linked to their internet usage. It also proposes that internet service providers monitor customer usage, convert that data into “readable details”, and submit it to the Communications Authority of Kenya (CA) at least once every financial year.

In an interview on Citizen TV on Monday, Kittany said her bill sought to ensure internet users get value for their money.

“This bill (Kenya Information and Communication (Amendment) Bill, 2025, the only thing it is doing, is to make sure the internet service providers, when they are selling their data bundles, do not give a figure... knowing very well that you will not consume that much within that specific period,” she said.

Not everyone is convinced by the claimed good intentions.

“There is a bill they are trying to introduce targeting social media usage by forcing internet service providers to log user identities when they sign up,” said Nelson Amenya, an activist who blew the whistle on Kenya’s controversial airport deal with Indian firm Adani. “It’s a clear attempt to monitor and possibly suppress online dissent.”

Victor Ndede, the Technology and Human Rights Manager at Amnesty International, pointed out the ="https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001520054/ict-experts-activists-warn-new-bill-to-stalk-kenyans">vagueness of the proposal<, which he argued gave the state unfettered access to private data.

“Someone with data of my internet usage is able to target or track critics with this law, and the upshot is that privacy is eroded. There is a chilling effect on free expression once you realise your Internet usage is constantly monitored and metrics sent to CA every year,” said Ndede.

For months, National Intelligence Service Director General Noordin Haji has led the push for regulation on the basis that social media and Artificial Intelligence could be weaponised to sow division and distort facts. He made this call days ago when he attended an International Security Conference on Africa in Rwanda.

Haji argued that African countries ought to come up with laws and policies that “protect our culture”, highlighting the lack of censorship of the social media.

“We can’t expect that the AI that is created in other jurisdictions will be effective for us or that it will work in our environment as well as it should. In other words, whatever is created out there is not necessarily for our convenience and you only have to look at, for example, and this is an issue that in Kenya we are still dealing with, which we are grappling with, the issue of social media, and how social media in Afrcia has been rolled out,” said Haji.

“If you are to look at China, for example, the kind of TikTok that they have there is different from the kind utilised in Africa. If you go to Europe, for example, with the Ukraine war, you will see that there is censorship of Russia today. If you go and Google that and you are in Europe, you will not get it. But in Africa, we have everything. You get everything, whether it is negative or positive, whether it is challenging us or not,” he added, highlighting the rise of disinformation campaigns across the continent.

These efforts are seen as red flags by social media users constantly challenging the government’s excesses.

“Social media has become more than the opposition,” said Gideon Kibet, also known as Kibet Bull, one Kenyans abducted for publishing AI-generated cartoons of the President.

“The president is used to constant praise on social media, so when he encounters criticism online, it tends to anger him. Faced with this resistance, the government’s response has included abductions and use of police force in an attempt to silence the youth,” he added.

Amenya argued that the regulation fit into an apparent plan by the government to amass unchecked power.

“He has captured all institutions that should normally hold him to account, like Parliament, the Judiciary, and all the security organs, which are now abducting his opponents and dissidents,” said Amenya, who argued that the president's failure to address citizens' concerns is feeding the digital rebellion.

The story of social media in Kenya has had its positives. At the height of last year’s youth-led protests, social media users took up the role of citizen journalists. Using their smartphones, young Kenyans record and share videos of police brutality, poor infrastructure, and the lavish lifestyles of leaders. These clips often go viral, drawing both national and international attention.

During last year's protests against the Finance Bill 2024, social media provided the most powerful and immediate coverage. Videos capturing moments of police violence and the bravery of protestors stirred widespread emotion and prompted global concern far beyond what traditional media could achieve.

The Gen Z-led movement has drawn support from the Kenyan diaspora and international human rights groups, further complicating Ruto’s position on the global stage. Indeed, pressure from young Kenyans on social media resulted in King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands challenging Ruto on respecting civil liberties when he visited Kenya in March.