French deputies set for first vote on assisted dying bill

French deputies vote on a controversial right-to-die bill on Tuesday, the first step in a lengthy parliamentary process to legally grant patients medical assistance to end their lives in clearly defined circumstances.

The initiative has the backing of President Emmanuel Macron, who has insisted, however, that any authorisation to choose death should be limited to people with incurable illnesses and intense physical or psychological pain.

A favourable decision in Tuesday's first National Assembly reading would be an initial stage for the draft law, which will then go the Senate for any modifications and approval before returning to the lower house for a final vote, which is expected sometime next year.

Macron could, however, decide in the meantime to put the deeply divisive topic to a vote by referendum.

If the law is approved, France would join a small group of European countries with right-to-die legislation that includes Germany, Spain, Austria and Switzerland.

The first part of the bill, concerned with end-of-life medical assistance including palliative care, is expected to pass Tuesday without significant opposition.

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But the second part, specifically concerned with "the right to die" and brought by Macron ally Olivier Falorni, is likely to spark more resistance.

All parliamentary factions have allowed their members to vote according to their personal convictions and free of party constraints.

Leftist and centrist parties are expected to vote in favour of the assisted-dying part of the bill, with conservatives and far-right deputies seen broadly hostile.

The bill is widely referred to as focusing on "end of life" or "aid in dying" in the French debate, rather than "assisted suicide" or "euthanasia".

'Expressed such a wish'

Falorni's bill would allow medical staff to help "a person gain access to a lethal substance when they have expressed such a wish".

The patient would use such a substance without aid or have it administered by somebody else "if they are in no condition physically to do so themselves".

Health Minister Catherine Vautrin said at the weekend that the "French model" of assisted dying would be "strict and closely supervised".

Macron said last year that France needed the law because "there are situations you cannot humanely accept".

The goal was "to reconcile the autonomy of the individual with the solidarity of the nation", he said.

The bill is facing stiff opposition from religious leaders in a country with a longstanding Catholic tradition, as well as many health workers.

Prime Minister Francois Bayrou, a devout Catholic, said Tuesday that he would abstain if he were a deputy because of lingering "questions" but added he was confident that the National Assembly would provide answers.

The draft law would allow recourse to assisted dying only in an "advanced" stage of illness, which it defines as "entering an irreversible process characterised by a worsening health condition of the sick person that affects the quality of their lives".

Until now, French patients in pain wishing to end their lives have had to travel abroad, including to neighbouring Belgium.

A 2005 law legalised passive euthanasia, such as withholding artificial life support, and doctors are allowed to induce "deep and continuous sedation" for terminally ill patients in pain.

But active euthanasia, whereby doctors administer lethal doses of drugs to patients, remains illegal.

Vautrin said she hopes for a definitive vote on the issue in early 2026.