How Modi's party lost its majority in India

Critics and rights groups accused Modi of ramping up rhetoric against Muslims to unprecedented levels during his campaign in a bid to mobilise the Hindu majority.

At his rallies, he referred to Muslims as "infiltrators", and claimed the main opposition Congress party would redistribute the nation's wealth to Muslims if it won.

But the strategy failed to galvanise Hindu voters behind the BJP, while also solidifying minority communities' support for the opposition.

The BJP's vote share dropped nearly one point to 36.6 percent from the last election five years ago, translating in India's electoral system into a drop from 303 to 240 seats in the 543-member parliament.

Numerous voters over the course of the election told AFP that they were more concerned with India's chronic unemployment problem than with the government's ideological agenda.

"People were concerned about livelihood, unemployment, price rises," Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, the author of a Modi biography, told AFP.

"They did not relate to what Modi and the BJP were saying."

Biggest state flips

For the first time in 15 years, Modi's party failed to win the most seats in Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state and a bellwether for national elections.

Uttar Pradesh is the heartland of India's majority faith, with widespread support for Modi's Hindu-nationalist agenda, and had for the past decade formed the bedrock of the BJP's parliamentary strength.

But an alliance of opposition parties who had competed against each other in past polls saw BJP candidates face stronger rivals, who ultimately won more than half of the state's seats.

Modi won his seat in the state, representing the Hindu holy city of Varanasi, by just 152,000 votes -- compared to a victory margin of nearly half a million votes in 2019.

Spectacularly, the BJP's candidate lost in the constituency representing Ayodhya, despite Modi in January inaugurating a divisive Hindu temple built on the grounds of a razed mosque there.

"The opposition managed to put a sword back to him and Uttar Pradesh has shown resistance to his brand of politics," political scientist Ramu Manivannan of the University of Denver told AFP. 

Southern strategy fails

The BJP's electoral strategy was premised on increasing its parliamentary majority by gaining ground in India's wealthier and better-educated southern states.

Modi made repeated whistlestop tours through the south where he affirmed his "topmost respect" to local culture.

He also embarked on a 48-hour meditation ritual in the southern coastal town of Kanyakumari last week when the vote was nearly over.

But the premier's relentless campaigning did not translate into significant gains where they were needed.

The party failed to win a single seat in Tamil Nadu state -- almost as populous as Germany with 84 million people -- and won just one constituency in neighbouring Kerala, with a population of 35 million.

Manivannan said that "ideological resistance in the south" had played its part in the BJP's lacklustre result.

Southern voters have typically backed regional parties strongly rooted in appeals to social justice policies and opposed to the BJP, and Modi's muscular Hindu-first ideology has held little appeal.